拿到一个雅思题目,很多考生都不知所措,不知如何下手,其实在面对一个考题时正确的做法是先审题,后得出文章结构,再做Brainstorming, 然后再下笔写文章。这些可以称为动笔前的解题三部曲。然而很多考生在考试过程中都会遇到一个常见的问题,就是看到一个题目不知道如何去把握结构,结构的混乱往往就会造成文章逻辑的混乱。
一、讨论类
何为讨论类文章,即对一个给定的观点以及与其相对立的观点进行讨论,或就一个话题的两个对立的方面:积极和消极方面进行探讨,发表自己的观点。顾名思义,讨论类文章分为观点类讨论和优缺点讨论。这两种议论类型所对应的问题模式常见的有:Do you agree or disagree…? What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree? 等。
1. 请看下面今年的真题来熟悉此类问题模式
(1)Some people think that the government should establish free libraries in each town. Others, however, believe that it is a waste of money since the public can use the Internet at home to obtain information. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. (12.01.12)
(2)Some people think the developments of technology make people’s life more complex, so we should make the life simpler without using technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (12.02.18)
(3)It is expected that there will be a higher proportion of older people than young people in many countries in the future. Do you think it is a positive or negative development? (12.03.10)
(4)In modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food or use animal products, for instance, clothing and medicines. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (12.04.28)
(5)In most countries, prison is an effective solution to the problem of crime. Some people think it is a more effective solution to provide education for those who violate the law. What is your opinion? (12.05.12)
(6)Some people think news has no connection to people''s lives, so it is a waste of time to read the news on the newspaper and watch television news programs. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (12.06.09)
以上六题中有对一个观点发表自己观点的,也有给出两个观点再发表自己观点的,也有对一个话题的两个方面进行论述的,这些都属于讨论类,其中2、4、5、6题属于观点类讨论,而1、3题为优缺点讨论。
2. 结构分析
单边论证
熟悉了问题模式后,我们来分析一下其所对应的文章结构。以上六种问题模式,考生在未接触雅思前较熟悉的是Do you agree or disagree?和What is your opinion? 而通常这两类问题所对应的文章可以用以下的五段论结构来完成:引言段(introduction)提出观点,正文(body)三段通过三个理由来对观点进行论证,结尾段(conclusion)重申一下自己的观点。因为此种结构只对自己支持的观点进行论证,因此叫单边论证,可以用下图来表示:
Introduction:
Background + My Opinion
Body:
1. Reason One + Supporting Sentences(以SS表示)
2. Reason Two + SS
3. Reason Three + SS
Conclusion:
Restatement of My Opinion
上述结构中的supporting sentences在议论文中的体现方式是一些论证方法,如举例(exemplification),对比对照(contrast & comparison),列数据(raising figures),让步(making concession)等来对自己支持的观点进行论证,使*信服。而此类结构也是我国学生较熟悉的议论文结构,在各类我国的考试中,如*英语、大学四六级考试等,应用也较广。但是单边论证的缺点,就我国学生而言,是较难扩展论证过程,而且像讲道理、举例子等论证方法必须正确使用,显示其逻辑性才能得到。
双边论证
然而通过总结发现,近年来,剑桥真题后面*给的甚至满分范文都采用了另一种论证方法,称为双边论证。双边论证基本为四段论,它与单边的较大区别在于正文,正文两段分别对题干提出的两个观点或优缺点进行论证。我们也通过下图来认识此种结构:
Introduction:
Background+ My Opinion/Layout
Body:
1. Opinion One/Advantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
2. Opinion Two/Disadvantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences
Conclusion:
Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/more disadvantages than advantages)
此类结构是双边倾向性结构,是双边结构中的一种。对于大多数我国学生来说,双边结构较单边结构较大的优点是论证过程比较容易扩展。双边论证是指正文两段分别论述一下两个观点或优缺点。可以做一个有趣的比喻,双边论证的结构就像是在打一场官司,引言段引出话题,可以看作是书记员来宣布审理的案件,正文两段分别是两个观点,可以理解为被告和原告的辩护律师来列举对自己有利的证据,结尾段得出观点,即法官在总结了被告原告律师的发言后,得出自己的答案,同意哪一方,是否定罪。
通过上面对单边、双边结构的介绍,考生可得出结论,上面列举的6个问题,2、3、4、5、6题可用单边论证,而这5题都可以用双边论证来写,第1题只能用双边论证,题干已经明确要求讨论两个方面。
二、分析解决型
此类问题模式通常会给出一个话题,要求考生分析产生此问题的原因,并给出一些缓解的方法。我们首先也通过今年的真题来熟悉一下此类问题模式。
(1)People aim to achieve the balance between their work and lives
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