朗阁海外考试研究中心的雅思培训老师为考生带来2017年1月14日的真题回顾、详细解析及备考策略，此为雅思阅读回顾部分。
朗阁海外考试研究中心 李珂
朗阁海外考试研究中心的雅思培训为考生带来2017年1月14日的真题回顾、详细解析及备考策略，此为雅思阅读回顾部分。
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考试日期： |
2017年1月14日 |
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Reading Passage 1 |
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Title: |
Education Philosophy |
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Question types: |
Heading（4题） Matching（4题） Matching（5题） |
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相关文章阅读 |
A In 1660s, while there are few accurate statistics for child mortality in the preindustrial world, there is evidence that as many as 30 percent of all children died before they were 14 days old. Few families survived intact. All parents expected to bury some of their children and they found it difficult to invest emotionally in such a tenuous existence as a newborn child. When the loss of a child was commonplace, parents protected themselves from the emotional consequences of the death by refusing to make an emotional commitment to the infant. How else can we explain mothers who call the infant it, or leave dying babies in gutters, or mention the death of a child in the same paragraph with a reference to pickles? B One of the most important social changes to take place in the Western world in 18th century was the result of the movement from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. Increasingly, families left the farms and their small town life and moved to cities where life was very different for them. Social supports that had previously existed in the smaller community disappeared, and problems of poverty, crime, sub-standard housing and disease increased. For the poorest children, childhood could be painfully short, as additional income was needed to help support the family and young children were forced into early employment. Children as young as 7 might be required to work fulltime jobs, often under unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution. Although such a role for children has disappeared in most economically strong nations, the practice of childhood employment has hardly disappeared entirely and remains a staple（主要的） in many undeveloped nations. C Over the course of the 1800s, the lives of children in the Unites States began to change drastically. Previously, children in both rural and urban families were expected to take part in the everyday labor of the home, as the bulk of manual work had to be completed there. However, establishing a background the technological advances of the mid-1800s，coupled with the creation of a middle class and the redefinition of roles of family members, meant that work and home became less synonymous（同义的） over the course of time. People began to buy their children toys and books to read. As the country slowly became more dependent upon machines for work, both in rural and in urban areas, it became less necessary for children to work inside the home. This trend, which had been rising slowly over the course of the nineteenth century, took off exponentially after the Civil War, with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. John Locke was one of the most influential writers of his period. His writings on the role of government are seen as foundational to many political movements and activities, including the American Revolution and the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. His ideas are equally foundational to several areas of psychology. As the father of British empiricism, Locke made the first clear and comprehensive statement of the environmental position and, by so doing, became the father of modern learning theory. His teachings about child care were highly regarded during the colonial period in America. D Jean Jacquesd Rousseau lived during an era of the American and French Revolution. His works condemn distinctions of wealth, property, and prestige. In the original state of nature, according to Rousseau, people were noble savages, innocent, free and uncorrupted. Rousseau conveyed his educational philosophy through his famous novel Emile, in 1762, which tells the story of a boy’s education from infancy to adulthood. Rousseau observed children and adolescents extensively and spoke of children’s individuality, but he based much of his developmental theory on observation in writing the book, and on the memories of his own childhood. Rousseau contrasts children to Developmental Psychology in Historical Perspective adults and describes age-specific characteristics. Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi lived during the early stages of industrial revolution, he sought to develop schools would nurture children’s development. He agreed with Rousseau that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. Pestalozzi’s approach to teaching can be divided into the general and special methods. The theory was designed to create an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment that had to be in place before more specific instruction occurred. E One of the best documented cases of all the so-called feral children concerned a young man who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800, and who was later named Victor. The young man had been seen in the area for months before his final capture-pre-pubescent, mute, and naked, perhaps 11 or 12 years old, foraging for food in the gardens of the locals and sometimes accepting their direct offers of food. Eventually he was brought to Paris, where it was hoped that he would be able to answer some of the profound questions about the nature of man, but that goal was quashed very early. Jean-MarcGaspard Itard, a young physician who had become interested in working with the deaf, was more optimistic about a future for Victor and embarked on a five-year plan of education to civilize him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard spent an enormous amount of time and effort working with Victor. He was able to enlist the help of a local woman，Madame Guerin, to assist in his efforts and provide a semblance of a home for Victor. But, after five years and despite all of his efforts, Itard considered the experiment to be a failure. Although Victor had learned some elementary forms of communication, he never learned the basics of speech, which, for Itard, was the goal. Victor’s lessons were discontinued, although he continued to live with Madame Guerin until his death, approximately at the age of 40. F Other educators were beginning to respond to the simple truth that was embedded in the philosophy of Rousseau. Identifying the stages of development
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