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[雅思机经]2017年5月6日雅思阅读真题回顾

来源:网络 2017-05-17 编辑:朗阁小编 雅思托福0元试学

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朗阁海外考试研究中心的雅思培训老师为考生带来2017年5月6日的真题回顾、详细解析及备考策略,此为雅思阅读回顾部分。

朗阁海外考试研究中心    杨喻涵

朗阁海外考试研究中心的雅思培训为考生带来2017年5月6日的真题回顾、详细解析及备考策略,此为雅思阅读回顾部分。

考试日期

201756

 

Reading Passage 1

Title

An unsung sense

Question types

填空题 6题

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 7题

文章内容回顾

介绍了人类对气味的敏感程度,跟其他海洋生物和哺乳动物尤其是灵长类作比较;

气味跟视觉、听觉的不同;

过去的发现和近期的研究;

气味跟年龄的关系;

人们常常因为对气味的记忆,能够回忆起童年时光。

 

1-6 笔记填空

1. primates

2. 400

3. drop

4. nightclub

5. music

6. 95%

 

7-13 判断题

7. FALSE

8. TRUE

9. TRUE

10. NOT GIVEN

11. FALSE

12. TRUE

13. TRUE

题型难度分析

*篇难度相对较小,题型也是较常规的填空和判断题。填空题注意答案中出现了数字;判断题可以利用顺序性辅助定位。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑8 Test 2 Passage 3 The meaning and power of smell

 

Reading Passage 2

Title

Being left-handed in a right-handed world

Question types

段落信息匹配题 5题

人名观点匹配题 4题

判断题 4题

文章内容回顾

The world is designed for right-handed people. Why does a tenth of the population prefer the left.

 

A. The probability that two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5 percent. The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty and 26percent if both parents are left-handed: The preference, however, could also stem from an infant’s imitation of his parents. To test genetic influence, starting in the1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University of Leicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness. Rather, during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps to strengthen the brain’s left hemisphere, which increases the probability that the right hand will be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. Among the minority of people who lack this factor, handedness develops entirely by chance. Research conducted on twins complicates the theory, however. One in five sets of identical twins involves one right-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their genetic material is the same. Genes, therefore, are not solely responsible for handedness.

 

B. Genetic theory is also undermined by results from Peter Hepper and his team at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland. In 2004 the psychologists used ultra sound to show that by the 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have a preference as to which thumb they suck. In most cases, the preference continued after birth. At 15 weeks, though, the brain does not yet have control over the body's limbs. Hepper speculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side of the body is developing quicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brain's development. Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout development and infancy is unknown.

 

Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespread observation that children do not settle on either their right or left hand until they are two or three year sold.

 

C. But even if these correlations were true, they did not explain what actually causes left-handedness. Furthermore, specialization on either side of the body is common among animals. Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toys out from under the couch. Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than the other. Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or right claw. In evolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficient than having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally. Yet for most animals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random. The overwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans. That fact directs attention toward the brain’s two hemispheres and perhaps toward language.

 

D. Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836. That year, at a medical conference, French physician Marc Dax reported on an unusual commonality among his patients. During his many years as a country doctor, Dax had encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, the result of some kind of brain damage. What was unique was that every individual suffered damage to the left side of the brain. At the conference, Dax elaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsible for certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech. Other experts showed little interest in the Frenchman’s ideas. Over time, however, scientists found more and more evidence of people experiencing speech difficulties following injury to the left brain. Patients with damage to the right hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception or concentration. Major advancements in understanding the brain’s asymmetry were made in the 1960s as a result of so -called split-brain surgery, developed to help patients with epilepsy. During this operation, doctors severed the corpus callous — the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. The surgical cut also stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, which offered researchers the opportunity to investigate each side’s activity.

 

E. In 1949 neurosurgeon John Wada devised the first test to provide access to the brain’s functional organization of language. By injecting an anesthetic into the right or left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of a healthy brain, enabling him to more closely study the other side’s capabilities. Based on this approach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the Montreal Neurological Institute published a major study in 1975 that confirmed the theory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly 140 years earlier: in 96 percent of right-handed people, language is processed much more intensely in the left hemisphere. The correlation is not as clear in lefties, however. For two thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active language processor. But for the remaining third, either the right side is dominant or both sides work equally, controlling different language functions. That last statistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance of right-handedness is driven by left- hemisphere dominance in language processing. It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged the control of body movement with it.

Some experts think one reason the left hemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speech processing—the larynx and tongue—are positioned on the body’s symmetry axis. Because these structures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms, which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that shared operation would result in smooth motor activity.

 

Language and handedness could have developed preferentially for very different reasons as well. For example, some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C. Corballis of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of human speech lies in gestures. Gestures predated words and helped language emerge. If the left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures, too, and because the left brain controls the right side of the body, the right hand developed more strongly.

 

F. Perhaps we will know more soon. In the meantime, we can revel in what, if any, differences handedness brings to our human talents. Popular wisdom says right-handed, left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking. Left-handed, right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and may be better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of the brain. Yet some neuroscientists see such claims as pure speculation. Fewer scientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater creative potential. Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composers and the generally acknowledged great political thinkers. Possibly if these individuals are among the lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed between hemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mental capabilities.

 

G. Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must be cleverer to get by in our right-handed world. This battle, which begins during the very early stages of childhood, may lay the groundwork for exceptional achievements.

 

14-18段落信息匹配题

14. C

15. D

16. B

17. A

18. G

 

19-22 人名观点匹配题

19. 基因决定了人们大多数为右撇子

20. Peter Hepp 婴儿出生前的移动对大脑的影响

21. 大部分右撇子是左脑控制语言功能

22. gesture的作用

 

23-26 判断题

23. YES

24. NO

25. NOT GIVEN

26. NOT GIVEN

题型难度分析

本篇文章多次在机经中出现,可以作为课外知识补充。

段落信息题较难,可以较后做;人名观点匹配题的定位相对简单,注意结合使用排除法。

 

Reading Passage 3

Title

Saving Languages

Question types

List of headings 7题

人名观点匹配题 4题

单选题 2题

文章内容回顾

研究者发现每年有一些小语种会灭绝,因此提出一些拯救小语种的努力。但仍然存在许多问题,比如那些教导小语种的人去世了,会此类语言的人越来越少。较后提出积极的看法,只要大家尊敬说小语种的人,小语种还是能够尽量*存下来的。

 

27-33 List of headings

27. v. potential threat to minority language

28. x

29. iii. positive gains for protection

30. i. data consistency needed for language

31. vii. native language program launched

32. viii. lack in confidence in young speakers as a negative factor

33. ii. consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages

 

34-38 人名观点匹配题

34. C. reported language conservation practice in Hawaii

35. B. predicted that many languages will disappear soon

36. E. experienced process that language died out personally

37. A. raised language fund in England

38. G. not enough effort on saving until recent work

 

39-40 单选题

39. C

40. D

相关英文原文阅读

Save Endangered Language

Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics go down in history as the only science that presided obviously over the disappearance of 90percent of the very field to which it is dedicated. -Michael Krauss, The World’s Languages in Crisis.

 

A Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century. Unless scientists and community leaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of local languages, he warned, nine tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankind would probably be doomed to extinction. Krauss’s prediction was little more than an educated guess, but other respected linguists had been clanging out similar alarms. Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed into extinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90 surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups. The same was true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American languages spoken or remembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel in 1992.

 

B Many experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons. To start, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully explored. Many researchers would like to know which structural elements of grammar and vocabulary—if any—are truly universal and probably therefore hardwired into the human brain. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages. In each of these cases, the wider the portfolio of languages you study, the more likely you are to get the right answers.

 

C Despite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past 10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. You would think that there would be some organized response to this dire situation, some attempt to determine which language can be saved and which should b e documented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. But there isn’t any such effort organized in the profession. It is only recently that it has become  fashionable enough to work on endangered languages.Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University, when I asked linguists who was raising money to deal with these problems, I mostly got blank stares.So Whalen and a few other linguists founded the Endangered Languages Fund. In the five years to 2001 they were able to collect only $80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995.

 

D But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner. The Volkswagen Foundation, a German charity, just issued its second round of grants totaling more than $2 million. It has created a multimedia archive at the MaxPlanck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands that can house recordings, grammars, dictionaries and other data on endangered languages. To fill the archive, the foundation has dispatched field linguists to document Aweti (100 or so speakers in Brazil), Ega (about 300 speakers in Ivory Coast), Waima’a (a few hundred speakers in East Timor), and a dozen or so other languages unlikely to survive the century. The Ford Foundation has also edged into the arena. Its contributions helped to reinvigorate a master-apprentice program created in 1992 by Leanne Hinton of Berkeley and Native Americans worried about the imminent demise of about 50 indigenous languages in California. Fluent speakers receive $3,000 to teach a younger relative (who is also paid) their native tongue through 360 hours of shared activities, spread over six months. So far about 5 teams have completed the program, Hinton says, transmitting at least some knowledge of 25 languages. It’s too early to call this language revitalization, Hinton admits. In California the death rate of elderly speakers will always be greater than the recruitment rate of young speakers. But at least we prolong the survival of the language.That will give linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish.

 

E But the master-apprentice approach hasn’t caught on outside the U.S., and Hinton’s effort is a drop in the sea. At least 440 languages have been reduced to a mere handful of elders, according to the Ethnologue, a catalogue of languages produced by the Dallas-based group SIL International that comes closest to global coverage. For the vast majority of these languages, there is little or no record of their grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or use in daily life. Even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once it vanishes from active use is a fossil skeleton, a scattering of features that the scientist was lucky and astute enough to capture. Linguists may be able to sketch an outline of the forgotten language and fix its place on the evolutionary tree, but little more. How did people start conversations and talk to babies? How did husbands and wives converse?Hinton asks. Those are the first things you want to learn when you want to revitalize the language.

 

F But there is as yet no discipline of conservation linguistics, as there is for biology. Almost every strategy tried so far has succeeded in some places but failed in others, and there seems to be no way to predict with certainty what will work where. Twenty years ago in New Zealand, Maori speakers set up language nests, in which preschoolers were immersed in the native language. Additional Maori-only classes were added as the children progressed through elementary and secondary school. A similar approach was tried in Hawaii, with some success—the number of native speakers has stabilized at 1,000 or so, reports Joseph E. Grimes of SIL International, who is working on Oahu. Students can now get instruction in Hawaiian all the way through university.

 

G One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the speakers begin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language loyalty. Once they start regarding their own language as inferior to the majority language, people stop using it for all situations. Kids pick up on the attitude and prefer the dominant language. In many cases, people don’t notice until they suddenly realize that their kids never speak the language, even at home. This is how Cornish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic is still only rarely used for daily home life in Ireland,80 years after the republic was founded with Irish as its first official language.

 

H Linguists agree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of language extinction is multilingualism. Even uneducated people can learn several languages, as long as they start as children. Indeed, most people in the world speak more than one tongue, and in places such as Cameroon (279 languages), Papua New Guinea (823) and India (387) it is common to speak three or four distinct languages and a dialect or two as well. Most Americans and Canadians, to the west of Quebec, have a gut reaction that anyone speaking another language in front of them is committing an immoral act. You get the same reaction in Australia and Russia. It is no coincidence that these are the areas where languages are disappearing the fastest. The first step in saving dying languages is to persuade the world’s majorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their own voices.

题型难度分析

语言类文章在雅思阅读考试中经常出现,相对抽象,就本文而言,难度适中。

List of heading注意辨析来自文章细节的混淆项。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑9 Test 3 Passage 1 Attitudes to language

考试趋势分析和备考指导:

本场雅思阅读考试2旧1新;

出现两组人名观点匹配,在定位上降低了难度;

同时考了段落信息匹配和list of headings, 在做题时间上不占优势,考生可根据自身情况采取相应的策略。

鉴于机经中经常重复出现和剑桥真题中话题相似或相关的文章,所以尤其希望考生在考前尽可能熟悉剑桥真题中的各类话题,补充相关背景知识。

 

 

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