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2015年1月17日雅思阅读考试真题回顾解析

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朗阁海外考试研究中心的雅思老师为考生带来2015年1月17日的真题回顾及解析,此为雅思阅读考试真题回顾部分以及趋势解析:



朗阁海外考试研究中心 张敏

朗阁海外考试研究中心
雅思为考生带来2015年1月17日的真题回顾及解析,此为雅思阅读考试真题回顾部分以及趋势解析: 

Reading Passage 1

Title

The History of Pencil 铅笔的历史(历史类) / 石墨的发现与应用

Question types

句子填空 6题

判断题 7题

文章内容回顾

P1: how graphite was found

P2: the early use of graphite

P3: graphite used in military and controlled by the government

P4: earliest pencil

P5: how HB system was applied

P6: pencils used in the early space research

 

铅笔是由一次极端的天气,树被闪电劈坏了,人们在根部找到了一种物质,就是石墨,可以留下黑色的痕迹。开始是牧羊人用它给羊做记号。后来意大利人发明了外层用木头包裹石墨制成铅笔,后来德国人开始铅笔的大规模制造,而法国人发明了用两片木头把石墨夹在中间的制作方法。

铅笔的军事用途,可以用在炮弹中,政府开始*护石墨矿。

铅笔后来的发展:人们发现石墨加入粘土,可以使痕迹更加清晰(HB)。关于铅笔广泛流传的传说,比如美国和俄罗斯的宇航员一次上太空就用铅笔,而现在太空已经不适用铅笔了,人们的生活也出现了其他的笔。但铅笔的产业不会没落,因为在绘画和简单记录中还是有用途的。

 

1-6填空题:

1. tree

2. rope

3. mines

4. sheep

5. steal

 

7-13判断题:

7. 意大利人是个从木头中制造铅笔的国家 TRUE

8. 德国人使用了各种各样的木头来制作铅笔 NOT GIVEN

9. 美国次载人航天使用了铅笔 TRUE

10. 铅笔的产业快要消失了 FALSE

11. 英国政府*护石墨矿 TRUE

相关原文阅读

Lead pencils, of course, contain no lead. The writing medium is graphite, a form of carbon. Writing instruments made from sticks cut from high quality natural graphite mined at Cumberland in England and wrapped in string or inserted in wooden tubes came into use around 1560. [1] The term "black lead pencil" was in use by 1565.  By 1662, pencils were produced in Nuremberg, in what is now Germany, apparently by gluing sticks of graphite into cases assembled from two pieces of wood. By the early 18th century, wood-cased pencils that did not require the high quality graphite available only in England were produced in Nuremberg with cores made by mixing graphite, sulfur and various binding agents. These German pencils were inferior to English pencils, which continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s.  The 1855 catalog of Waterlow & Sons, London, offered "Pure Cumberland Lead Pencils."

 

In 1795, French chemist Nicholas Jacques Conté received a patent for the modern process for making pencil leads by mixing powdered graphite and clay, forming sticks, and hardening them in a furnace. According to Petroski (pp. 70-71), "the brittle ceramic leads…were inserted in wooden cases of a modified design, one used by some early German pencil makers to encase their sulfur-and-graphite leads. The piece of wood into which the leads were placed has a groove about twice as deep as the thickness of the rod of lead. A slat of wood was then glued in over the lead to completely fill the groove, and the pencil was ready to be finished to the desired exterior shape."

 

In the U.S., wood-cased lead pencils were produced in the Boston area by William Munroe beginning in 1812. Munroe’s cores were made from dried graphite paste and were not hardened in a furnace. Between the early 1820s and 1850s there were several small pencil makers near Boston, including William Munroe, John Thoreau, Joseph Dixon, and Benjamin Ball. [2] Munroe, of Concord, MA, exhibited lead pencils at of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanical Association in and around Boston in 1837, 1839, and 1841.  Thoreau and then John Thoreau & Son, also of Concord, MA, exhibited their pencils at these exhibitions in 1837 and 1844. [2a] The pencils they produced were inferior to those made in England from natural graphite and in France and Austria using the Conté process. [3] The photograph to the right shows a bundle of pencils manufactured by Ball.  Holden & Cutter, Boston, MA, advertised French and English lead pencils c. 1840-60; Grigg & Elliot, Philadelphia, PA, advertised lead pencils c. 1850-60; John W. Clothier, Philadelphia, PA, advertised Faber''s, Guttknecht, and Brookman & Lagdon''s lead pencils c. 1858. (Hagley Museum and Library)

 

In 1847, Dixon set up a new factory just outside New York City that used graphite to manufacture crucibles for melting metals, polish for cast iron stoves, and, on a limited scale, pencils. However, most lead pencils sold in the U.S. were still imported from Europe, increasingly from Germany as the quality of German pencils improved with adoption of the Conté process. In 1861, Eberhard Faber set up a factory in New York that made pencils using leads from Germany, and in 1862 pencils made by another New York company, the Eagle Pencil Co., won an award in London.  The American Lead Pencil Co. and the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. started making lead pencils in 1865 and 1872, respectively. (Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. 4, 1889)

 

Mass production of lead pencils began in the U.S. after the Civil War. During 1864-67, several patents were granted for machinery for making lead pencils [4], including a Dixon wood planing machine for shaping pencils that produced 132 pencils per minute. [5] U.S. production of pencils was encouraged by the import tariff of 1865 as well as increasing demand, and the four companies that were the pr

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